Knowledge Development in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Knowledge Development in Nursing EssayA doctrine of nursing should be all encompassing, with its foundation based upon core values and beliefs, while building upon experience. Medicine is often comprised of controversial ethical dilemmas where we must be advocates. In a study that examined the relationship between nurses and physicians it was determined that Differences in values, communication, trust, and responsibilities can precipitate conflict between nurses and physicians over ethical components of care. (Corley MC 1998) create ones theoretical knowledge and learning how to apply it successfully into their clinical practice is part of the evolving process. The evolution that occurs over the course of a career can be empowering. Hence, it is important to develop positive nurse-physician relationships to bolster confidence and grow from those interactions. The importance of positive nurse-physician relationships has been widely acknowledged (Baggs, 1989 Baggs Schmitt, 1988 Eubanks, 1991 Fagin, 1992 Mechanic Aiken, 1982 Prescott Bowen 1985). Therefore, it is our obligation as professionals to mentor our peers, non only for ourselves, tho our patients and families, as well. In an interesting illustration of self disclosure (Kim, H.S., 1999) a practitioner was able to identify the needs of a patient, but clearly had difficulty communicating the needs of the patient to the physician, although some of the difficulties appeared to be cultural in nature.The way we communicate with one a nonher as practitioners, in addition to, how we collaborate and communicate with physicians has a direct impact on patient outcomes. As practitioners we are restricted in performing our jobs if we can not effectively collaborate with the physician. It is herein that the problem lies. The inexperienced or less assertive practitioner will often find it difficult to approach a physician when faced with perhaps the Do Not Resuscitate order that has yet to be signed. With that being said, approaching a family that needs to be improve on the implications of G-tube placement on their family member with prolonged intubatation and no signs of improvement can be daunting without interdisciplinary support.The more experienced practitioners clinical judgment is more easily verbalizedbecause he/she is comfortable in interdisciplinary collaboration, therefore the physician is more likely to involve them in the decision do process. For example in an ICU setting where often times the physician does not involve the practitioner in the decision making process or inform them when a decision has been made it generally creates one of three things. A. the nurse will continue to aggressively pursue the physician until an order is received B. resort to slow codes, or C. resuscitate all patients until told otherwise by the physician (Michael I Rauchman, BA). All of these things lead to negative outcomes for some(prenominal) the families and patients, and we as practition ers. Future directions of the discipline are revealed when these linkages between philosophy, disciplinary goals, theory, and practice are strengthened (McCurry, et al). It is for these reasons, we as practitioners must continually grow and develop by dint of our experiences, always expanding our knowledge in the ever-changing profession we have chosen.Corley MC (1998). Ethical dimensions of nurse-physician relations in critical-care (The Nursing Clinics of North America) 1998 Jun Vol. 33 (2), pp. 325-37. http//ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.maryville.edu/ehost/detail?vid=19sid=78745a3b-d950-4ea0-890c-4ee4ab4c4b46%40sessionmgr112hid=101bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=cmedmAN=9624207 ISSN0029-6465MICHAEL I. RAUCHMAN, BAMedical studentMcGill UniversityMontreal, PQRABKIN MT. GILLERMAN G, RICE NROrders not to resuscitate. N Engi J MedI 976 295 364-366http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.proxy.library.maryville.edu/pmc/articles/PMC1875656/pdf/canmedaj01406-0055.pdfExpertise in Nursing Prac ticeCaring, clinical Judgment, and Ethics

Good vs Evil Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Example for Free

Good vs mephistophelean Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde EssayThe world as we know it is always moving and changing events occur that push aside affect peoples lives even if they atomic number 18 thousands of miles away. Whether or not these happenings are good or unholy rear end shape atomic number 53s chiefset and outlook on the actions they take themselves. Both take a crap distinct strengths and weaknesses however, the real question one moldiness ask is which side of the spectrum is more capable of influencing humanity. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde written by Robert Louis Stevenson, a wealthy and well-respected doctor by the name of Henry Jekyll, who turn overs that man is not one but two separate people, constructs a potion which unearths his inner evil (Mr. Edward Hyde), and in the end is engulfed by the strength of his malevolent someonea. Although good is a preferable in society, the power of evil has more ability to spread over a larger scale and influence the minds of many it is omnipresent, inevitable, and extremely easy to desert to.As much as people would like to conceal their impure intentions and corrupt ways of life history, somehow they are revealed and it is insufferable to resist what truly lies inside. What classifies a person as either good or evil depends on what side of their soul they decide to let be in control. Once the naughtily side takes over it takes an immense amount of effort to get the good back. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll is consumed by the evil that lies within him. When Jekyll first consumes the potion he feels elated. Edward Hyde provides an alternate life for Jekyll. He is liberated of all cares and expectations.Nearing the end of the book, the reader gets a close look inside Jekylls mind and what was occurring when he switched between himself and Hyde. He tells most the early st ages of his experiment I felt younger, lighter, happier in body a solution of the bonds of obligation, an unknown but not a n innocent large-mindeddom of the soul. I knew myself, at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more wicked, sold a slave to my original evil and the thought, in that moment, braced and gratify me like wine (Stevenson 67). Throughout his life, Henry has always been a man of respect.He is known to have integrity and good ethics. When he rids of his burdens and fails into the side of himself that does any(prenominal) it wants, he is rejuvenated. Its as if he is given two paths, and the easier one to take is the one with do not cross tape across it. The come-on lingers over Jekyll to constantly transform into the devilish version of him. He is aware of the wrongness of the situation because Hyde is a danger to the community, but the feeling of being free is an addiction to him. It takes restraint to hold Hyde inside, and in the end it becomes impossible because he overpowers any will to salvage the morality of Jekyll.It is further formulateed that the switc h between in-personities was not caused by the drug, but by a choice that was made. Jekyll explains in his confessions, The drug had no discriminating action it was neither diabolical nor divine it but move the doors of the prison-house of my dispositionmy evil, kept awake by ambition, was alert and swift to seize the occasion and the thing that was projected was Edward Hyde (Stevenson 67). It is said that evil is inside of everyone just as much as good is, and depending on what one faces one whitethorn be more present than the other.The potion was just a key which opened the seal in that held Jekylls wicked spirit. The potential was always inside of him, but he needed that push to help him express it. In the real world, there are no potions that go off turn one evil however, certain events can trigger feelings or thoughts that completely go against ones morality. It is a personal decision to act upon those thoughts, but it is particularly simple to do so, and once it is made a chain reaction occurs that becomes more frightening as it continues.That sparks one to ponder how the evil gets into a soul, and if there is anything to that can prevent the chaos it ensues. The question of where evil comes about is one that has been argued for a long time. Some believe that it is influenced by the world surrounding them, or perhaps by personal experiences. It could be that we are exposed to the concept of it at such an early age that we are given our lives to ponder what we prefer. It is also said that depravity is laced in our genetics, passed on through generations.Whatever the case, the demons inside us can at times be inescapable. If it is true that somewhere in our destiny lies evil, it is impossible to hold back. It is a inhering instinct for those who are given that gene to do horrible things, and that overpowers the choice they are given not to. In an article addressing the source of evil which discusses well-known figures such as Adolf Hitler, it is writ ten that recent studies have shown the evidence of behavior and personality in DNA. The author of the article believes that it is impossible to attain such tendencies through inheritance.He states, The fact that one child may turn into a bully or become a criminal and another not remains a tantalising mystery, and one that scientists cannot possibly explain in simple terms of DNA (Masters). Masters is suggesting that the transformation from good to bad is a complicated process that involves many elements. It is an intriguing thought, how a mind can shift from one side to the other. The influence of evil is all around and it becomes a task to ignore what is being so aggressively thrown upon a person. One incident can have the power to spoil a pure soul.Bad behavior is directly linked to selfishness one can convince themselves that a decision that hurts others is what is right for them. Adolf Hitler can be used as an example of this his greed for the perfect Germany drove him to do t hings which are direful to imagine. With the article being based off of Hitler, it debates, Vice is the easy option, whereas virtue denotes difficulty and sweat. As the great Roman philosopher and dramatist Seneca wrote Nature does not give a man virtue, the process of becoming a good man is an art. (Masters). Human beings are always searching for an easy way out. It can be applied to everyday life, taking an escalator rather than the stairs for example. When faced with the decision between good and evil, one is swayed towards evil simply because it is the easier decision to take aim. To be good and pure is to ignore impulses for revenge or selfish acts, which give one a sense of satisfaction and are hard to resist. It is a natural instinct to be bad, and one must work hard to escape the evil of their own self.Once somebody defeats the demons that lie inside of them, it is a strong other battle to face the evil that lay in front of them in their life. No matter where one may try to go, it is near impossible to escape the constant influence of bad people and bad things. No matter age, race, or sex, corrupt people are out there that can hurt and destroy. Evil is something that has the ability to spread like a wildfire, and affect all who crosses its path. In an ABC News article titled Depraved doings in Ordinary Life the crush of wickedness is brought into perspective with real-life situations.It is typical to connect evil to war and politics, but one may be affect at the small accounts of evil they may encounter on a daily basis. Michael Welner, a psychologist who studies depraved behavior, believes that evil has a broad spectrum which any person can fit inside. He states, The American public regardless of geographic state, regardless of opinion, regardless of orientation, in a variety of issues can achieve an agreement about a number of qualities of crimes that make them beyond-the-pale depraved (Libaw).Welner challenges that there are standards that mus t be met for a person to be considered evil however, it is fairly easy to realise the criteria. Anybody and everybody can do sinister acts it doesnt just apply to dictators and murderers. Looking further into the mind of an evil-doer, one may ask what makes a mind hostile. The subject is also addressed in this article, when Welners study is revealed to include 14 traits that can define a human as evil. Libaw sums up Welners question with this statement, The common thread is that evildoers dont just commit bad acts.They choose to make their actions even worse by behaving sadistically and deliberately ignoring or intensifying the damage and abject they cause (Libaw). It is one thing to do something that is bad, and another thing to dedicate ones life to making sure all surrounding them are in misery. Evil people have the power to ruin so many things with the blink of an eye, where it takes an army of good to defeat the power that the wicked ones hold. To make a difference for the b etter is much more difficult to do than destroying is. It takes too much effort and determination for any average person to accomplish.Evil is something that is all around us it has the strength to overcome almost everything and destroy many aspects of society, even when there are the few that attempt to maintain the good. Connections can be made extremely easily, from those one might be close to or as far away as a person they project about in school. Evil is something that carries on throughout the years and can have lasting effects while good deeds can tho stay in the spotlight for so long. Humans have the choice to shake up for good or to give into evil, and it requires inner strength of an individual to fight against the strength of evil if they wish to attain purity.If that can be achieved then it will stay and one less person will be touch however if they fail, they may be a victim of the grasp of evil for as long as they shall live. Works Cited Libaw, Oliver. Looking for Evil in usual Life. ABC News. ABC News Network, n. d. Web. 09 Apr. 2013. Masters, Brian. Are Some People Born Evil? Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd, 7 Feb. 2007. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. Stevenson, Robert Louis. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. New York Bantam, 1981. 67-69. Print.

Several Limitations On The Growth Of Ecommerce Marketing Essay

Several Limitations On The Growth Of Ecommerce Marketing EssayThe early days of e-commerce is ungoverned (Laudon and Traver, 2009) while the todays e-commerce is stronger ordinance and system (Laudon and Traver, 2009). When the e-commerce is just start to launch, the government was not set the rules and regulation for the e-commerce business and do not control over it. While todays e-commerce is having stronger regulation and governance (Laudon and Traver, 2009) than early days of e-commerce, the e-commerce business was protecting by Internet rules and regulation worldwide and government was keeping an eye on it.The early years of e-commerce is perpetrate pure online strategies (Laudon and Traver, 2009) where the organizations are doing their business in the virtual world without having the physical store in real world. Whereas, todays e-commerce is practice mixed bricks and clicks strategies (Laudon and Traver, 2009) that run their business in both way which are doing their tra nsaction in the Internet and in the physical store. There are a lot of dot com raised when the low of e-commerce, but there only a few that able to survive until today (Laudon and Traver, 2009). The example for the organizational that using pure online strategies (Laudon and Traver, 2009) in the early years of e-commerce is Amazon.com while the organizational that using the mixed bricks and clicks strategies (Laudon and Traver, 2009) in todays e-commerce is Tesco.com.The early years of e-commerce is apply disintermediation (Laudon and Traver, 2009) while todays e-commerce is strengthening the process of intermediation (Laudon and Traver, 2009). In the early years of e-commerce, the organizations prefer to manage their grocery store relationship directly with their guests without the presence of the intermediary, they eliminate the intermediation process. But the intense competition that result from disintermediation process (Laudon and Traver, 2009), it encourage todays e-commer ce to do their business with the presence of intermediary.In the early years of e-commerce, it was practice the technology-driven (Laudon and Traver, 2009) which the organizational pick up to put a lot of effort to develop their organizational net site in the Internet. They are more emphasis on the development of the information technologies that useful for their web site. In todays e-commerce, the organization is more focus on the business-driven (Laudon and Traver, 2009) where they are more focus on the strategies that apply in their business.For those organization that was the starting enter to the commercialize in the early years of e-commerce will savour the benefit of being the commencement ceremony mover (Laudon and Traver, 2009). As the first mover of the market, the organizations would prove their instigant name easily, get a lot of customer readily (Laudon and Traver, 2009) and be the leader in the market. While for the todays e-commerce, the organization is pra ctice strategic henchman strength (Laudon and Traver, 2009) which is they are found out and enjoy the advantages to become the follower in the market.What are the major limitations on the growth of e-commerce? Which, in your opinion, is potentially the toughest to overcome?The major limitations on the growth of e-commerce are categorized in two segments which are technological limitations and non-technological limitations (Turban et al. 2010).For the technological limitations, there are several limitations on the growth of e-commerceSoftware and tools for develop the web site is changing from judgment of conviction to time (Turban et al. 2010). The organization need to up to date by using the software or tools in imageing their federation web site so it immortalise to consumer that they are able to follow the style. For example organization may use the old translation of internet browser in the earlier year when build the web site but they need to change it to the latest ve rsion of internet browser when there is the movement of the technology.Cost to access the Internet is expensive or inconvenient (Turban et al. 2010) to some of the country. For the third world country such as Africa, the exist to access to the internet may be very dearly-won to them and the people in that country may be is inconvenient to browse the internet. Many people in the Africa is not affordable to slang internet helping in their house even own a personal computer in their house is a luxury goods to them. When they are unable to afford to defile a computer and access to the internet, they also are not affording to buying products with the companys web site.For the non-technological limitations, there are several limitations on the growth of e-commerce large number are not having enough confidence to trust the demonstrateless and paperless transactions (Turban et al. 2010). People especially the old-thinking generation will not trust to the buying and exchange product or services through the Internet because they think the transactions in the Internet mostly are fraud transactions and doing the transaction without opposite communication will bring a lot of problem and do not make them confidence to the transactions.Security and privacy issues are stop customer to buying and selling in the Internet world (Turban et al. 2010). Nowadays, there are a lot of fraudulent transactions and privacy information being stolen by other people when customers are doing transaction in the Internet, this situation will make customer lost their confidence toward buying and selling goods through the Internet. When customer is paying by using credit card in the Internet, they will feel worry whether their personal information will being use by other people unauthorized or getting them involved in the criminal.In my opinion, the toughest limitation to be overcome would be the security and privacy issues (Turban et al. 2010). A lot of intelligence criminal is embezzlin g consumers privacy information they have filled in the Internet and steal their identity with the aid of advanced technology and software. This is strong to overcome since the rules and regulations for the Internet are incomplete and unclear and undefined. The punishment for the Internet criminal should be more rigorous to prevent the Internet criminal being increases in the future.Task 1bWhat are some of the major advantages and disadvantages of being a first mover?First mover is defined as the organizations that first enters the market and gather market share in a short period (Laudon and Traver, 2009).The advantages of being a first mover areBeing a first mover, the firm can enjoy the technology leadership where firm was using the technological skills that were hard to repeat by other companies (later entry to the market) (Ettington, 2010). As a technology leadership, firm also can enjoy the benefit of patent their product to prevent other competitor to copy their product. Fo r example Amazon.Com was the first company using the collaborative filtering-technologies that help them to analyze one customers barter for and suggest the customer other books that people with similar preferences have bought(Mellahi and Johnson, 2000). By doing this, Amazon.Com could create brand loyalty among their customer since they are the first web sites that provide this feature. Amazon.Com have patent its affiliate programmes and one-click buying features (Mellahi and Johnson, 2000) to protect the features being imitate by others. besides that, being a first mover achieves the benefit of preemption assets (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987) which is the ability of the firm to manage the better resources than late entrants. First mover was able to adopt which resources that best meet their requirement such as in natural resources, geographical location and distribution channels (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987). For the first mover, the firm will have the dominant position to choose the natural resources that best suit to their firms product than the late entrants. Wal-Mart was the first retail shop that takes advantage in choosing to open a discount store in a small town.Other than that, first mover can build the buyer switching cost (Ettington, 2010) in lodge to prevent customer to switch to other brands or products. When there is a switching cost barrier, the customer would not simply switch to other brands or product due to inconvenient or cost issues. By build buyer switching cost, it may lead to repeat purchasing among the customer. As the first mover, company will have the priority in more understanding the customers preference and produce the quality product to the customer. This may help the company to build the customers loyalty toward the companys brand.As the first mover in the market could experience the high degree of consumer awareness (Kerin, Varadarajan and Peterson, 1992). First mover firm will be the first firm entry to the market and it can make consumer pay high attention on the firm since it was the first in the market. With the successful market strategies and market positioning, it could help the firm to gain the consumer awareness toward the firm and the products. When the consumers have consumed the firms product and satisfied with the products performance, then it will leads to the repeat purchased behavior. Once the repeat purchase behavior was form, the consumer will unwilling to switch to other brand (late entrant). For example, when the first Apples iPhone is launched to the market, it creates the consumer awareness toward it product and established repeat purchase of iPhone when there is the latest version of iPhone is launched in the market.The disadvantages of being a first mover areThe disadvantages that may bring to first mover is the free riding by later entrance in the area of technology, employee training, infrastructure development and buyer education (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987). For th e first mover firm, they might be needed to invest a lot of hood into the product and develop a number of enquiry and development toward the product their want to launch. While for the late entrants, they would like to imitate the first movers product since the research and development process is costly than imitation. Besides that, follower may also hire the staff from the first movers firm to prevent the heavy training cost (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987). For example of infrastructure development, Sony have to spending their time and money for first launched the VCR product in the US market because they need to pursue shell to allow consumer in have the right to record TV programmes for their own use (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987).First mover in the market may be face the disadvantages of apply incorrect marketing strategies or technology (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987) for their product. First mover firm in order to maintain their market leader position and neglect in the industry, the firm have to forecast the technology development and customer get hold of precisely (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987). The risk of the firm being failed in the industry may increase when the firm was wrongly anticipated the market and process of technology development. The British Air Corporation has introduced the first commercial-jet -the DeHaviland Comet was failed when there is a mistake in the design. While Boeing has dominated the global aircraft industry after the failure of British Air Corporation by comes up with a superior design in the form 707 (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987).In addition, first mover may need to invest a huge amount of money and time into the development of their product. First mover may face a number of failures when in the product development stage while late entrant does not need to pass through this process. Late entrant may not need to invest such a huge amount in their product development because they may copy the first movers produc t, marketing strategies and technology used to develop the product.Besides that, first mover may also face the problem of market uncertainty and demand uncertainty. As the first mover firm, they need to clearly clarify the market uncertainty and demand uncertainty since these two factors may lead to the failure of the product. The firms need to exactly understand what the customer really need and produce the product that can meet the customers need exactly. The firms also need to understand the market trend and produce the product that mostly suit to the market so that the firm will not failed although they was the first mover.

Polycythemia Vera: Causes and Treatment

Polycythemia V period Causes and TreatmentFrom the ancient times to the modern era of today where everything is give tongue to to be changed irrespective the good or bad, not only mankind had underg adept an evolution unperturbed so as the diseases which is why new medical innovations atomic enumerate 18 highly needed to counteract such dilemma. Diseases do not only invade a person externally moreover a desire(p)wise stomach cattle ranch internally as well such as credit line diseases. Blood diseases be diseases that involve the mechanisms, functions, site of production, and most importantly the comp whizznts of lineage. According to Hezy (2010), one of the major blood disease is polycythemia Vera, withal known as erythremia, primary polycythemia, and polycythemia rubra Vera. Polycythemia Vera is a myeloproliferative lofty blood disease in which the deck out marrow produces excessive kernel of erythrocytes and whitethorn also result in the overproduction of leukocy tes or platelets causing the blood to be fater and travels s rase than normal. This is a very serious problem as sooner or later the person would suffer from amount of money attack or stroke as the possibility of having a stroke or he contrivance failure increase by 80% if a person suffers from polycythemia Vera due to blockage of blood vessels. Although polycythemia Vera is conside chromatic a very r be disease, it unbosom happens among us disdain its low possibility. in that locationfore, give-and-takes be highly recommended as it could be fatal or lead to an otherwise sort of diseases as well because a subset of patients with polcythemia Vera may give to acute myelogenous leukemia or myelofibribrosis stated by ClinicalKey (2012).From the research of Ann Intern Med (2013), the statistics shown that polycythemia Vera faeces f atomic number 18 in any individual irrespective age or sex but it has been proven that is it more(prenominal) common among people with the age gro up of 50 to 70 years. In overall, polycythemia Vera is more prevalent in men than in women.According to Vanasse G., et al (2008), the data claimed from major commercial insurance payers in Connecticut and the Center for Medi treat and Medicaid Services estimated that the number of patients with polycythemia Vera is 22 per 100,000 respectively for the age-standardized prevalence and it is also estimated that there is a total of approximately 65,200 patients with polycythemia Vera applying the age-specific prevalence to the entire US population in 2003 which is the first assessed prevalence of polycythemia Vera in the large US population. Moreover, Brian J.S., et al (2004) stated that a comprehensive review reported the incidence of polycythemia Vera to be 2.3 per 100,000 each year worldwide. aft(prenominal) a thorough diagnosis, the seriousness of polycythemia Vera is underscored by the situation that the median survival for un interact symptomatic patients is about six months to o ne and a half(prenominal) year but for treating patients, the median survival can be surprisingly prolonged to about seven to fifteen years.Based on DoctorTipster (2011), there are a close to factors that may increase the lay on the line of develop polycythemia Vera. Firstly, aging is one of the un bar open factors as the chances of developing polycythemia Vera grow with age. Normally people around the age of 60 years are more inclined to this disease and it is hardly found in people who are under 20 years of age. turnly, it is a fact that polycythemia Vera effects with predilection men and lesser in women by comparison. Thirdly, families with medical history is also one of the risk factors that can lead to polycythemia Vera. Most cases of polycythemia Vera are not inherited, it is associated with genetic changes that are somatic, performer that they acquire during a persons lifetime and are only present in certain cells and not transmitted or passed down generally from par ents to children. However, in rare instances family history of polycythemia Vera especially relatives are said to be the cause for the increase of risk for developing the disease. In these families, the risk of developing polycythemia appears to induce an autosomal predominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase the risk of developing polycythemia Vera, although in these cases no causative genes have been identified but these people seem to inherit an increased risk of polycythemia Vera, not the disease itself. utmost(a) but not least, the environmental conditions or lifestyles also count as a risk factor as well as polycythemia Vera can occur due to different lifestyles or even different exposures to environmental conditions such as radioactivity. Exposure to intense radiation may actually increase the risk for the condition or even trigger the disease because the main reason for th e development of disease is genetic renewal. Lack of exercise or unhealthy victuals will only aggravate the body conditions as most of the people nowadays are already in bad shape because of neglecting health care for work and stress.Pr Jean B. (2010), stated that the main source of determining an individual either with or without polycythemia Vera is based on whether the mutation occurred in the bodys genes which is the major cause of polycythemia Vera. Polycythemia Vera happens because of the presence of abnormal clonal stem cell expansion that suppresses the growth and maturation of normal stem cell which is a somatic mutation known as JAK2-V617F commonly in exon 14 of the JAK2 gene or in exon 12 which is less common. However, exactly what causes the mutation is still a matter of debate. The presence of a V617F or a mutation of the JAK2 gene can be diagnosed because the gene actually functions to make a protein that assist the body in producing blood cells and so there will be an elevation in the amount of white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and most of all the red blood cell mass which is about 125% greater compared with the normal. As a result, the blood will become thicker and harder to pump which is very dangerous as it can relate to he stratagem attack, stroke, and other health diseases.Almost all of the health problems associated with polycythemia Vera are ca employ by the blood of the individual universe unusually thick due to overproduction of red blood cells in the body. The disease is more common in the elderly and can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. TheFreeDictionary (2013), stated that normally there will be common signs and symptoms such as itching and severe burning pain in the hands or feet accompanied by a reddish and bluish colouration of the skin most likely on the face. Unfortunately, patients with polycythemia Vera are also likely to develop gouty fine arthritis. As the development of polycythemia Vera is ra ther slow, signs and symptoms might not show for years. Therefore, the disease is often found out when a blood test is done for other purposes. However, when the signs and symptoms are present due to the thickness of the blood slowing down the flow of oxygenated blood to all move of the body and this will lead to many a(prenominal) parts of the body unable to function properly with insufficient oxygen. As a result, one may experience headaches, dizziness, blurred or double vision, precipitousness of breath, numbness, itchiness especially after bathtubing with hot water, fatigue, and more. Besides that, there are actually levels or phases where symptoms or effects are shown at diverse stages. The symptoms of the archaean polycythemia Vera may be minimal so it is not unusual for the disease to be discovered easily. Patients often experience symptoms like headaches, confusion or impaired memories, breathing difficulty, giddiness, vomiting, hypertension and much more which people would treat them like a minor or a common issue. In more or lesswhatwhat patients early symptoms include unusual heavy bleeding from minor cuts, nosebleeds, pain in the bone, or stomach ulcers but there are a few cases the first symptoms is the development of blood clots in an unusual part of the circulatory system such as the liver. As the disease develops, the patients may have episodes of thrombosis or hemorrhage where the fact that thrombosis is the most frequent cause of death from polycythemia Vera. another(prenominal) complications include a high concentration of uric acid in the blood which increases the risk of getting other diseases. About 10% of the patients eventually develop gout and the other 10% develop peptic ulcers. Based on MayoClinic (2012), one of the effects of polycyhemia Vera is causing the spleen to be greatly enlarged also known as splenomegaly as the spleen aids the body against infections and filter unwanted materials such as old or damaged blood cell s. With the increased number of blood cells caused by polycythemia Vera, the spleen intends to work harder than normal which leads to spleen ebullition and the patients spleen may even be able to fill the entire left side of the abdomen as time goes on. Therefore, the patients might have the aspect of fullness or bloated in the upper left part of the abdomen.Where there is a problem, there will always be solutions to overcome it. According to the BodyandHealth.canada.com (1997), polycythemia Vera is treated with procedures, medicines, and some other interferences. A person with polycythemia Vera may need one or more treatments to manage this disease. The actual goals of treating this blood disease are to conquer the symptoms and reduce the risk of complications especially heart failure and stroke so in order to achieve the target, the treatments for polycythemia Vera reduce the number of erythrocytes and the level of hemoglobin in the blood which will make the thickness of the b lood to be much closer to normal, thus reducing the chances of blood clots in the blood vessels. For this disease, the most recommended treatment is phlebotomy. Phlebotomy is a procedure that removes some blood from the body by inserting a needle into one of the veins and channels the blood into a sterile container via an airtight tube which is quite similar to the process of blood donation. Through this treatment, the red blood cell count is reduced and this brings the thickness of the blood closer to normal. Typically, 1 unit of blood which is around 350ml is removed per week until the hematocrit level which is the measure of how much space red blood cells occupied in the blood falls back to normal and this process is normally carried out every few months. The next treatment involves medications, the doctors may prescribe certain medicines for modelling hydroxyurea and interferon-alpha that prevents the bone marrow from making way too many red blood cells. Hydroxyurea is a medic ine generally used in treating cancer, it has the ability to reduce the number of red blood cells and platelets in the blood whereas interferon-alpha is a substance that our bodies usually produces to prompt our immune system to fight against overactive bone marrow cells. Moreover, radiation treatment is also available as it can process to suppress overactive bone marrow cells which prevent them from making red blood cells uncontrollably but this treatment is less recommended by doctors as the radiation treatment can increase the risk of leukaemia or other blood diseases. Another treatment is by taking aspirin as aspirin can relieve bone pain and the burning sensation in the hands and feet due to polycythemia Vera. In addition, aspirin also has the function to dilute blood so besides relieving pains it also thins the blood causing the blood to flow better in the blood vessels. However, taking aspirin can have side effects without the controlling the amount or dosage. For those who cannot resist the itching caused by polycythemia Vera, the doctor may also prescribe ultraviolet light treatment to relieve the itching.As preventions are better than cure, it is always a better choice not to depone too much on medications or drugs when solving problems related to health but puree using other methods instead if possible. According to the NasionalHeartLungBloodinstitution (2011), people with polycythemia Vera should bath using cool water as it helps to reduce the irritation of the skin. Then, always remember to pat the body dry gently after bathing because restless rubbing with a towel can also irritate the skin as well. Lastly, one can also take starch baths by adding half a box of starch to a tub of lukewarm water because starch baths can actually help to soothe the skin. Besides taking idle measures in daily activities, there are other ways to prevent or reduce the risk of one getting polycythemia Vera. First of all restrain physical activities such as walkin g and stretching is required to maintain a healthy heart rate and to improve blood flow in the body. By improving the blood flowing in the body, the risk of blood clots can be minimized. Following a healthy lifestyle can lower the risk of heart and lung disease, also will help to prevent one from developing secondary polycythemia. Sometimes, secondary polycythemia can be prevented by avoiding activities that will impoverish our bodies of oxygen for long periods such as mountain climbing, smoking or other vigorous activities and sports.As a conclusion, polycythemia Vera is a chronic, and dangerous disease that can be very much fatal if not diagnosed and treated well. Although this disease has no cure, at least until today but the treatments provided will be able to help control the disease and its complications thus prolong more lives. However, it is wiser that we as the owner of our own health should bear most of the responsibilities rather than just relying on doctors and medicine s when problems arise as an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.Movements in Films An overviewMovements in Films An overviewNeoclassicismNeoclassicism (began after 1750) was a revival of Greek and Roman art a direct reply to the excessiveness of Baroque and Rococo styles. During the American and cut Revolutions, the political atmosphere began to lean towards an Age of Reason and Enlightenment. With admiration for absolute Roman and Greek art renewed after excavations of Herculaneum and Pompei, efforts for style to accompany philosophy caused an inevitable return to the classics.During this period, the subject matter often included a reverence for nature, tradition and the classics, moral values (such as nationalism and courage), along with a distrust for innovation. Early plant life of artists such as Jean rattling(a) Dominique Ingres and especially Jacques-Louis David encompassed the thematic elements associated with Neoclassicism. Jacques-Louis Davids Oath of the H oratii can be considered as a turning point for the beginning of the neoclassic style. The key fruiting possesses many qualities synonymous with neoclassicism. It is a tribute to Roman history, depicting three men with intense, dramatic and contrasted lighting, clarity of the characters forms/ gestures, and a deliberately simple composition. Davids Death of Marat is other example of a theatrical slicing that combines a balanced composition and symbolism (martyrdom) with the moral undertone of the painting. Two other examples of Neoclassicist paintings are Napoleon I on his majestic Throne and La Grande Odalisque.RomanticismRomanticism ( early-mid nineteenth century) was in reaction to Neoclassicism. Characteristics of Romanticist paintings include painterly clankstrokes, a clear display of emotion, nature, and diagonals. Some examples of this font of art includes Liberty Leading the People and Death of Sardanpalus by Eugne Delacroix where his practiced use of expressive brushs trokes is made visible. Liberty Leading the People is an example of a romanticized symbol of France. Different social classes can be seen in french Romanticism, where the dead, dying, stronger, and strongest are specifically allocated throughout the piece. Other examples of Romanticist art includes The spate of Medusa and Evening Landscape with an Aquaduct by Thodore Gricault.British Romanticism was more focused on using pure abstraction to help take a shit expression. Examples include J.M. W. Turners Burning of Parliament and Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway. This casing of use of ochre and white streaks was common, along with pastoral elements. fanny Constables The Hay Way and Dedham Vale are devil other examples of British Romanticism. This instance of art was easy to look at for the viewer.RealismRealism (mid nineteenth century) was make believed by a French group called the Barbizon take aim. Like the designation implies a dedication to trying to captu re the details through observation was an objective for the French Realists. Examples include Woman with a Pearl and Venise, La Piazzetta. Realists did not necessarily try to recreate what was directly in front of them, adjusting the situation to create an type piece was common and more practical. Other examples include Jean-Franois Millets The Sower and The Gleaners. These types of industrial plant inspired the (post) impressionists that would see these exhibited paintings later on. Realism in landscapes is also seen in Courbets works, such as Plage de Normandie and Self-portrait (The Desperate Man)ImpressionismImpressionism (1870s -1880s) was a term created from the first named Impressionist work, Claude Monets Impression, Sunrise. Characteristics of this type of painting includes the appreciation of art history, and an admiration upon light. Brush strokes are visible despite not being bold. Moments are captured, and time is a dimension that is fundamental in this type of art. A nother example of a Monet that invents Impressionisms characteristics well is Woman with a Parasol. Impressionism was a style that became highly developed, every brushstroke had its place, working with a highly selective palette. Edgar Degas New Orleans Cotton Exchange and The Dance Class are two famous examples of Impressionism. These paintings of ballet dancers became synonymous with the impetus. Music in the Tuileries and The Luncheon on the Grass by douard Manet both further display this type of freeze- roll feeling. There is a certain serenity to this motion, and though the technique is variable, it ultimately results in a soft feel to the painting. The female figure was also often in the foreground of these pieces due to the political atmosphere, and the type of mood they helped establish within a piece.Post-ImpressionismPost-Impressionism was a term coined by Roger Fry for one of Manets later exhibits. After no longer accepting the simple subject matter, and lack of compo sitional formatting in Impressionism, Post-Impressionist artists came up with their own ways to restore some more of the tralatitious compositional values into paintings. Georges Seurat used pointillism, a technique using dots of colour to allow them to blend into new colours through optical illusion, in his pieces such as Circus Sideshow and Le Chahut. Vincent Van Gogh used raw emotion and expressive brushstrokes in his pieces (Ex Starry Night over the Rhone and Sunflowers, two of the most recognizable post-impressionist works) to recreate his own life and all the depressions that were contained within it. Other examples include Henri de Toulouse-Lautrecs At the Moulin Rouge Two Women Waltzing and Quadrille at the Moulin Rouge.Late 19th Century ArchitectureJoseph Paxtons piece The Crystal Palace was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, a piece that was the result of a tendency away from traditional materials such as wood. Rather, a come aboution towards steel and new, more advanced materials was created. The Eiffel Tower (named after its engineer Gustave Eiffel) is another example of this type of architecture. An internation symbol for France, the towboat is an engineering marvel, despite its intense criticism. Using purely steel for the structure of the body, it is an exploration of the new materials available during the era.Early twentieth Century ArchitectureThis type of architecture was a direct tie-in with Bauhaus. Artists such as Frank Lloyd Wright began exploring functional forms, and houses being living machines led to the creation of his works such as Falling Water, The Robie House and The Walter Fale House. The flat roofs and cantilever systems were brand new ideas in this type of art. Other examples include Le Corbusiers Centre Le Corbusier and Villa Savoye. Walter Gropius and Mies Van Der Rohe also explored the new possibilities created by mechanization and factories. (covered in Bauhaus)SuprematismSuprematism (which began in 1915) was a p urely Russian art movement was devised by Kasimir Malevich as an era dedicated to nonrepresentational forms. Painting was reduced to ideas belonging to a supreme reality that embodied the essence of purity. This was a period that intersected cubo-futurism and (but came slightly before) Suprematism. Lyubov dadova was another important artist during this movement and a member of Malevichs Supremus group. His philosophy was that art should be reduced into a spiritual essence that exceeds the limits of religion and attains the supremacy of pure emotion. These paintings were minimal and done in a linear fashion.Malevichs Suprematist Composition White on White is the ultimate example of Suprematism. After much experimentation with the tilting of a quadrilateral within a 4-dimensional frame and tampering with the relationship between art and science, the result was an incredibly pure painting using two shades of white. Another example would be Malevichs Black Square.ConstructivismConstru ctivism (1919-1934), literally meaning to construct was a disciplinary artistic style that rose during the Russian Revolution. The new Communist order had decided to progress the ideas analytical Cubism into the third dimension through sculpture. Contemporary, industrial materials such as glass, steel, wood, p kick the bucketic were used in order to create engineering feats that were beyond art for arts sake. The movement was highly developed by Vladmir Tatlin, Naum Gabo, and Aleksander Rodchenko, the latter two who officially coined the term. According to Tatlin and his followers, these aspects were actually four-dimensional. Since they implied motion, they also implied time.The most recognizable piece of Constructivism was Tatlins start to create The Monument to the Third International. Meant to be constructed out of glass, iron and steel, it was hoped to have been a tower to supersede the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Even if the technology to create the monument had been available, t here would most likely have been little to no structural practicality to it. In this type of utilitarian construction art, beauty is combined with some type of function or geometry a twin helix being the main structure, glass four suspended forms (a cube, pyramid, a hemisphere, and a cylinder) all have practical uses, and the entire piece consists of futuristic paths to carry people through the structure with mechanical devices.Naum Gabo was colleagues and friends with Tatlin, Wassily Kandinsky, and Rodchenko. He began a new kind of plastic construction strung with nylon filament that comes very close to mathematical models. After looking for ties between art and science, the models he created in his Linear Construction series reflect upon modern physics that came after his time. Nylon threads are strung around a plexiglass base in an entirely mathematical arrangement. Contrary to many other constructivists, he partook in the movement in a purely spiritual sense. Gabo also had a str ong interest in kinetic sculptures, which can be seen in his Revolving Torsion Fountain in London. With the main structure being made out of stainless steel, the contrastingly formless water is used as an integral moving element to complete the 4-dimensional composition. The jets pulsate at different levels, rotating and in particular rhythms. Selecting elements for specific purposes is a common trait of the mind-set of a constructivist.DadaDadaism (1916-1922) was a direct reaction to the absurdity of World War I and the devastating amount of deaths it caused. This intellectual, anti-war movement ridiculed the disgusting parts of the world, such as the upper-class, rationale, and false nationalism and materialism. The name was selected randomly after flipping through a dictionary. This anti-art symbolized the opposite of everything that used to be considered aesthetically acceptable. Groups created in the name of Dada began forming, and the First German Dada Manifesto was published .Marcel Duchamp was a pioneer in this movement, beginning the use of readymades or found objects, and labelling them as art. His famous Fountain is nothing but a signed urinal, but captures the spirit of Dada. A worthless object has been signed to turn it into art, and is now something of value. Time, effort, and composition are no longer necessarily take into consideration to create art. L.H.O.O.Q. (Duchamp) was also another readymade piece of art, that is a mockery of traditional art. The name of the piece implies some kind of sexual joke based off the pun that comes from the French translation of Elle a chaud au cul, translating into There is a fire down at a lower place or She has a hot ass. This variant of the Mona Lisa was created many times, always with a moustache and beard in pencil upon the androgynous figures face.Taking part in the anti-art and nihilistic movement, Man Ray also began using readymades along with more conventional forms of media. His piece The Gift is a c ombination of an iron with rows of tacks glued to the screwing of. The object combines two ordinary objects to create a sadistic image and evokes a painful connection with the viewer. Another piece using a readymade by Ray is Indestructible Object. After photographing a picture of friend Lee Millers eye and placing it onto the moving pole of an analog metronome, Man Ray exhibited the piece call it Object to Be Destroyed. In 1957, students destroyed his work, and after reconstructing, the piece was renamed Indestructible Object. Not only is the piece a part of Dada due to it being a readymade but the process and social criticism it received was expected from the movement. Acting against art, and raging for anti-art was a suitable response from viewersSurrealismSurrealism (began in the early 1920s) was a movement that succeeded Dada and contained many of the same artists. This cultural movement was highly influenced by the Freudian school of thought and psychiatry, dreams, fantasies and political motivations (Marxism/Communism/Anarchism) meet a very intellectual reflection upon Parisian Nationalism, (sub)consciousness, and led to the creation of the Surrealist Manifesto. This movement to place across all media, such as painting, sculpture, photography, and film.The Surrealist Manifesto and the Second Manifesto of Surrealism were both written by Andre Breton. This poet was also a participant in the Dada movement, and at first praised automatic art and automatism of thoughts in art but later was more interested in narratives of dreams.The work of Salvador Dali is the quintessence of the period. His The Persistence of Memory is frighteningly realistic in terms of his technique like many of his other works, and uses symbols such as clocks, ants, and other unconscious creations. The reformation of a dream (in this case one of a paranoiac) on a poll is the basis of most surrealist works. Another work that illustrates this Freudian idea of paranoia is Dalis Metamor phosis of Narcissus. The direct reflect of the staring Narcissus and the hand and egg is meant to recreate the feeling of paranoia when one mistakes one scenario for another.German ExpressionismGerman Expressionism (1905-1925) was a period of raw, emotional art that took place between wars, during the recovery of World War I. The Treaty of Versailles had just been signed, and Germany was in large debt. This era was dedicated towards reflecting upon the difficult economy through not only paintings, but generally on film as well. This period was largely an influence on the Expressionism coming out of Germany at the same time. A cinematic example of a work of the era would be Metropolis by Fritz Lang. This science-fiction film was set in a relatable dystopia within a capitalist society where inter-class issues are the focus.Die Brucke was a group founded by four students specializing in architecture. These artists had no solid formal educations or school in art expect for some lessons . They worked cohesively and began a philosophical quest to bridge a itinerant life-style with a sense of imminent disaster. They were the driving force behind this movement. Sexual tension was a common theme in these pieces such as in Ernst Ludgwig Kitchners Self Portrait with Model and Georges Roualts Head of Christ. Both simplify shapes and use raw, simple colours to create very heavy, dense atmospheres around the pieces.Der Blaue Reiter was another group of artists led by Kandinsky and Franz Marc that wanted to approach their art more spiritually. These idealists sought to revive German art and eventually used woodcuts as their patriotic medium. Works from the group include Marcs The Tower of risque Horses and Kandinskys Composition VII. This type of extreme and spiritual abstraction, and form simplification was part of the groups search for philosophical truth.FauvismFauvism (1904-1908), French for wild beasts, was a movement led by Henri Matisse and Andre Derain. Characteri stics of the movement included bright areas of colour and flattening of form. The works were passionate and emotional with very painterly brush strokes and a focus on colour rather than realism.Matisses Woman with a Hat demonstrates this. Patches of colour surround the figure, and though a form is clear, there is by all odds no focus upon trying to recreate what the artist saw directly. Rather, the colour scheme and interpretation of the colours at the moment are more important. This type of simplified colour/ figures is also seen with Matissess The Joy of Life.Andre Derain had worked with Matisse, and works such as Charing Cross Bridge exhibit the same type of bright, simplified colours but in a landscape setting. His Self-portrait in studio also shows this type of simplification, but with darker colours and more depth. This was a possible lead in to some of the ideas in the following movement.The boldness in colour and distortions during Fauvism is thought to have been from the i nfluence of Van Gogh and Gaugins exhibited works. This was an incredibly modern movement in the 20th century.CubismAnalytic Cubism (1907-191) involves looking at the volume and space the structural unites from whicj to derive the faceted shapes of Analytic (or Facet) Cubism The facets are now so small and precise, more like prisms, and the canvas has the balance and refinement of a fully mature style There are high contrasts of texture and colour, monochromic palettes are common, and complex structures. Everything is embarrassed down geometrically with sharp lines into cubistic forms. Synthetic Cubism (1912-1919) on the other hand was an alternative to Fauvism. Artists such as George Braque fell into this category, after beginning in Fauvism. This is also known as collage cubism. Form is flattened and there is a celebration of colour and the technique of collage.Some of Braques work in Analytic Cubism includes Violin, a piece that breaks apart a violin and is based off of a green hue, and The Mandolin, which focuses on different facets of a womans body practically disintegrating into sections. Picassos lifelessness Life with Chair Caning and Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass are two examples of synthetic cubism. There are frames of reference, and things have been broken down in a way where it looks as if the final product was created through images being cut and paste on together.BauhausBauhas was a school of thought that was founded by Walter Gropius in Germany and after development from previous concepts, buildings, and schools, the Bauhaus school building existed between 1919 and 1933 and had moved through three different cities due to Nazi pressure. Important components and influences of Bauhas wereInternational Style, functionalityin terms of (architectural) engineering, and geometric design principles. The Industrial Revolution, favtories, mass production and manufacturing were also a part of the movement. After the movement, many schools based thei r buildings and programs off the school. In general, the schools influence upon architecture, engineering, and redesign still impacts current lifestyles, presenting themselves everywhere in daily life (ex the invention of tubular steel, flat-roofed buildings).The original director and master of Bauhaus, Gropius was largely responsible for the F 51 Armchair and Sofa. Other creations in modern dcor by him include the D 51 and F 51-2. One of the later directors Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed the Farnsworth house, 960-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, and Seagram building. alone these buildings reflect upon his mission to advance architecture with the leaps in technology and industry, combining rationalism with spirituality. Universally known, his Barcelona Chair and Ottoman is a modernistic icon that involves a twist upon Curule chairs and was manufacture/ targeted towards the common man market. Hannes Meyer was the second director of Bauhaus and was the first to help the school ear n profit. He brought significant commission for the school, including creating building for the Gederal School of the German Trade Unions in Bernau and five apartment buildings in Dessau.American purloin ExpressionismAbstract expressionism (1940s-1950s) was the first entirely American-caused movement in direct reaction to World War II. Paint was put onto a surface to create pure art that had no narrative. Rather the pieces depended purely on line, form, surface, and the way paint acts. Harold Rosenberg described Pollock and other Abstract Expressionist canvases as an arena in which to act. What was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an event. Many paintings were described as action paintings, in where the process and layering of the paint could be considered more interesting and important than the final product and composition itself. scotch Rothko would use chunks of paint to create his pieces, to create multiforms. This was his key style and can be seen in No. 3/ No. 13. The canvas consists of only 6 colours in blocks. Another example is his painting No. 10. In contrast, Jackson Pollock often threw paint onto the surface, allowing it to do what paint does. His paintings No. 5, and lavender are examples of his paint-throwing and recognizable dripping techniques. Other examples of Abstract Expressionist works include Lee Krasners Celebration and Little Image paintings, along with Barnett Newmans Onement 1and Whos Afraid of Red, Yellow, and Blue?Pop ArtPop art (began in mid 1950s) was based in Britain and the United States. Pop art was a diurect reaction to the high intellectualism of Abstract Expressionism, often focusing upon ordinary objects and regular daily commodities. Subject matter often included objects such as soup cans, boxes, comic boos, photos, etc. Pop culture and the Hollywood scene was a major influence upon the art during this age of mechanical reproduction.Richard Hamiltons collage Just What Is it that Makes Todays Homes So Different , So Appealing? is an iconic piece created from images from American magazines and is a reflection upon the economy, homes, and lifestyle of the time. Andy Warhols Campbells Soup I and series used the American food staple as the subject to avoid competing with Roy Lichensteins comic strip pieces and his potential as a consumer, being solely dedicated to the brand and product. Lictensteins infamous Whaamcontains an image of an American plane destroying an enemy jet. This comic-strip type of art was a reflection on the American lifestyle and the popularity of comic books during the age and the piece was based off an actual comic book panel. The piece tries not to develop a purposeful connection with the audience, allowing viewers to develop their own thoughts and interpretation of the image and caption. Claes Oldenburg also used this idea of consumer products, and often create soft sculptures of mundane objects. Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks winding an oversized lipstick that would constantly deflate itself unless pumped by a viewer. Other pieces from the era include Oldenburgs Soft Bathtub (Model), Lichtensteins Drowning Girl, Hamiltons Interior and Warhols Brillo Box.Earth ArtDuring Earth Art (late 1960s into early 1970s), artists began a movement against the restrictive qualities of galleries and traditional exhibitions. A desire for an open canvas led to the use of nature as a medium. In reaction to consumerism and the vast commercialization of art, the reaction of these artists was to create something hopeless to purchase by using only natural materials, usually in an environment that could not be sold. As well, the temporary nature of most of these works would factor into how unfeasible it would be to attempt to purchase these works. Usually, these works can only exist through documentation as they are otherwise eradicated by time. Leading artist Robert Smithson created the Broken Circle and Spiral Jetty, two famous works that emerged during the period. Both pieces are protected, but nevertheless people still try to obtain parts of these works. Richard Long creates his pieces through walking upon paths entirely drawn from him. A Circle in Alaska Bering Straight Driftwood on the Arctic Circle and A Line Made By Walking are two works both created through the pure interaction of his body and his earth. They will only last until nature takes its course, a trademark of Earth art. Christo and his wife Jean Claude focused their works upon the form that the world takes up, and wanted people to see things in a new perspective. Through many wrapped pieces, they considered themselves to be bringing unseen beauty to certain environemtns. The Running Fence and the wrapping of Point Neuf Bridge are some incredibly recognizable pieces. Both are reflections upon the form of nature.MinimalismMinimalism (late 1960s-early 1970s) involved the belief that there should be no agenda for a piece but the piece should be centred on itself. Thi s type of art implies true aesthetic value. Often the works are precise, mechanical, and ready to be manufactured in a factory setting. The pieces are repetitive with no symbolism and are modular. Contrasting colours, sharp outlines, and a basis on geometric forms and the frame of reference were also components of this style. This was also applicable in the sculptural aspects of the style. Materials for this type of sculpture was usually industrial, ex fiberglass, plastics/ other synthetics, metals. Donald Judds pieces are often untitled works that are simple and based purely on mathematics and geometry. This was also the same with Robert Morris. Richard Serra has a piece similar to one of Judds untitled works where a sculpture contains contains circles within circles at different tilts and heights. These were installations, however Solomon LeWitt focused more upon two dimensional pieces like Isometric Projection, Untitled (lithograph), and Tower. Serras The Matter Of Time and Fulcr um are sculptures based purely on untreated metals and steels.Performance ArtCurrent Performance Art began in the beginning of the first half of the 20th century. The movement was dedicated towards the history of theatre. However, by the 1970s, Performance Art was usually concentrated and combined efforts on Happenings and Conceptual Art with installations. Shock value, (self-) mutilation, explicit sexuality, grotesque and wrongful humour. Audience interaction and breaking the fourth wall was also quite common.Laurie Anderson is a musician who experiments not only in sound through playacting the violin and piano, but with her performances as well. She created the tape-bow violin that is still used as an experimental type of instrument by artists and musicians today. In the 1970s she performed/ recorded a violin piece while performing until the block of ice of which she stood on with ice skates completely melted away. Vito Acconci created an installation named Seedbed in which he w as located below a ramp at the Sonnabend Gallery, where he masturbated and created a speaker system to allow his speakers here his voice and thoughts. Joseph Beuys had some notable performances, particularly when he became involved with Fluxus temporarily. His performance, How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare involved Beuys speaking into the ear of a dead hare he held in his arms, while his boot had an addicted piece of iron, and his face was covered in honey and gold leaf. All these objects had a symbolic meaning and there was an intended intellectual message for his audience. This Fluxus movement involiving multi-media flow also produced member Yoko Ono. Her performance Cut Piece (which can also be considered a happening) involved the audience participating through bleak her clothing off until she was naked. This allowed Ono to communicate her own feelings towards her audience through body and performance, rather than conventional mediums.

Economic Inequality in Australia

Eco noneic Inequality in AustraliaWhy has scotch inequality change magnitude in Australia since the 1970s? What stomach been the consequences of this increase in the quality of purport in Australia?Since 1970, people learn been challenging the burden of conventional wisdom that was connected to the scarcity aspect sort of than attaining successful way of managing affluence. There postulate been various real problems that required to be addressed. Some of these problems were related to wastage of resources, especially on the weapons of war, the lingering poverty and the imbalance of quality among the public provided services and the privately produced goods that chamberpot be summed as public squalor and private opulence. After the post-war period, a new world has been delivered, where there have been dominant ideas and concerns over the historical on declining significance that is more than inequality (Atkinson, Piketty Saez 2011). There ar few things that can be eviden ced in the modern social chronicle rather than the interest of declining the inequality as firearm of the economic issue. There ar various reasons to this. Inequality was not getting to it worse, but it is still pro rig. Large part of the population had a sense of the economic inequality and security level. The real income level for all the people increased with dramatically while the wealth for those who were at the top stagnated. This situation was well described by certain theory of transformation. The theory indicates that, as the country was more industrialized, the citizens were able to move away from land to industry.This issue caused inequality to progress since some of the people become richer while other remained poorer. Taking full industrialization aspect of the country would have caused green goddess pedagogy, increased wage for the workforce, and increase political powers for the mass populations. These were part of the issues that could have caused an increase d level of inequality in the country. The income inequality level in around of the OECD countries has increased in the past 20-30 divisions among them Australia (Alderson, Beckfield Nielsen 2005) This paper will explore the causes of increased level of inequality in the country while outlining the nature of the economies victimisation both political and historical techniques. The argument will be based on the fact that, the increased inequality level has been due to the deliberate policy, brass ideas of shifting the income from wages to profits. As well, there was a shift of income from number one to the middle-income earners and to those who earn higher and squeezing the consumption level with an aim of increasing the strengthener that is available for the investment.Skill Biased Technical ChangesThis has been one of the factors that have been debated as a cause of distribution of food market outcomes. In Australia, the dominant explanation that can be cited for the increas ed income inequality is the clashing created by the skill-biased technical changes that have been fostered by the globalization. Skill-biased technical changes can be set out as the shifts that are experienced in the production technology that do favor all the skilled individuals (such as the more educated, more capable and more experienced) than the unskilled individuals. They are being favored due to the increased congeneric production capacity hence has a relative demand (Alderson, Beckfield Nielsen 2005). Skill-biased technical changes in the country have been cited as a mean that deliver premium wages to all individual who have certain specified skills and more to the workforce that has higher education level. The first wallop of this issue has been due to the globalization, where production of the unskilled individual is considered quite low. In the economy, labor-intensive commodities are being outsourced to the low wage economic groups, hence reducing the prices. As well , the demand for the unskilled labor in the country has been quite low. As well, another cause is associated with the rise of the production formation that do rely on the information technology levels, advanced technology. This situation has a directly increased demand for the skilled and educated staffs compared to the less educated. In the manufacturing sectors, there is an evident rise in the relative employment for the high -educated skilled production staffs, who usually receives higher salaries and wages (Bramble Kuhn 2011).Polarization of Income Distribution at the TopThere have been various studies under obtainn by scholars to investigate on the extent at which the income inequality may be the main product of the relative low income for the poor individuals. As well, the studies have highlighted or consider the aspect of relative higher incomes for the rich people (Bramble Kuhn 2011). According to most studies, it was found that, the rise in inequality level is related to the aspect of polarization rather than the downgrading or upgrading that may lead to hollowing out of the model income part of the familiarity. As well, it was found that, in the societies that experience the large increased level of inequality, upgrading would have to take precedence over the aspect of downgrading causes such as polarization. In other soften terms, the wells off individual have the chances of becoming much richer. This has been the pattern that is evidenced by the rapid increase for the top income earners. In Australia, the share of the substance income that is taken by the top 10 perpenny has decreased from 50 per cent in 1929 and in 1932, it decreased to 35 percent but after in 2007, it increased to 50 percent (Bramble Kuhn 2011).Back in year 1970, the decline of inequity was celebrated but one scholar noted that it no longer seemed possible for the ownership of tangible assets of the public and the disposal of the income to pass through negligible number of hands. After few years later, this was the situation on distribution of income changes. The situation that was experienced indicated that, almost one percent of the rich population was able to appropriate more than half of the increase in the case income. The remarkable idea was related to the degree of the top 0.1 percent of the income earners that captured the misappropriated share of the overall national income. According to statistics, the Australian growth rate offers no indication of having experience to most of the population (Brandolini Smeeding 2009). Back in year 1975-2006, the country average real income per household in the country grew by 32.2 per cent but taking the top 1 per cent, the growth was by 17.9 per cent. This is a finding that has been challenging the primacy of the skilled biased technical changes as part of the increased income inequality in the country. The rise in the top incomes has been greater than the suggestion of the extra productivity levels of the skilled workers. As well, very few of the top income earners have higher education and the skilled non-finance professions (Brandolini Smeeding 2009).Tax and Welfare RegimeIn Australia, the income inequality level has increased and the rise may significantly be fostered by the inequality in the market incomes. As well, changes in the tax and welfare regimes have in some ways reduced or increased the impact experienced in the market outcomes. There was in an increase in the inequality of the market outcome between 1979 and 2004 caused by the higher tax evaluate and the increased level of generosity on social assistance and employment assistance. This was taken in the ways of counteracting the effect of increased inequality in market outcomes or the households. In 1990s, the market income inequality grew rapider and, the tax and welfare program failed in reducing the polarization effect. Lowering the personal taxes mainly for the highest incomes reduced the issue of unemployment benefits, and this assisted in accounting for the rise in inequality.Increased social assistance and tax and welfare reforms were the most deliberate policy and decisions that caused the impact of inequality in the country (Card DiNardo 2002). An argument that was raised stated that, if the effect if taxation of the income at the top was frozen, there would be a very big nut of the increased inequality for the super-rich and the rest part of the population. As well, recognizing the skill-biased technical changes to have a direct impact on the jobs and wages, it was criticized that the fixation of inequality was among the large office of the income distribution pattern. This was an issue that was obscuring the government policy that targeted becoming more generous toward individuals who were at the top (Bramble 2008). There is an extent of strength of the trade aggregate brass that has been of the essence(p) when it comes to limiting the income inequality. This argument has be en linked with the decline in income inequality in the post-war years that was due to the strong trade unions, the progressive tax methods, low level of unemployment and the welfare system. Collective bargaining has been cited to be the cause of reduced the inequality of pay when compared to the competitive nature market. The inequality increase has been due to the firmness of a decline in the crucial bargaining power in the government expenditures (Bramble 2008). economical crisis of 1974-1975 actively contributed to the inequality in Australia. This economic crisis erupted after Whitlam press government was re-elected in 1974. During this time, the government policies that were in place swung from the Keynesian stimulus of austerity with struggle of a Minister policy. As well, the Australian trade union has won a case on pay rise but the level of inflation was spiral and out of control hence alarming the business. The society polarized sharply. Australia had strong and organized trade unions that laid their attempts of defending the unions and gain wage rise that could have sustained the real values of price, while the government time-tested to restrain the wages. This plunged the country into severe political crisis, and this caused seven years of a political impasse. The business, government, and the unions were quite mobilizing with attempts to defend their interest. The political impasse ended in year 1983, this was followed by election of new labor government, and there were results of unprecedented and re grammatical constructiond economy (Borland, Gregory Sheehan 2001) To end the crisis, the new elected government has to propose Prices and Income Accord that was part of sympathy set by trade unions and guaranteed an industrial peace and wage restraints in exchange of guarantee and the government way of protecting the real wages and break the social wage. All business representative were to be consulted and the trade unions movements especially o n economic, tax and social issues. After the Labor won the election, the agreements become the structure of the government for the next one decade. There were a closer ways of monitoring the prices and all the workplace and unions that attempted to increase the wages beyond the uttermost agreed rate was highly disciplined (Bagguley 1995). Along the wage policies, the government was able to restructure the business taxation policies. The statutory tax rates were reduced in year 1983 to 46 per cent and in year 1996 to 36 percent. Changes in the rules that were applied in corporate tax caused a great impact on the effective rate and corporate tax decline. Later in year 1986, the fringe benefits tax and the capital gain tax were informd (Card DiNardo 2002). These were some of the crucial measures that tried to reduce the income inequality level. The personal taxes that were charged in the higher income individual were cut in two crucial ways. As well, the government has to introduce dividend amputation that tried to reduce the income tax on share dividend a significant reform that benefited wealthy individuals. In the history years, business used to pay for telephoner tax, and dividends were paid to shareholders and they were expected to pay tax on them (Alderson, Beckfield Nielsen 2005)ConclusionThe society will never be equal, there must be horizon for the disadvantaged, and they are hard to rise. Normal operations of the economy may place great economy power to the hand of business owners especially when it comes to employees relation. The government has to take some alternative and facilitate successful and profitable operations for the business that target a protection of a business owner from the employees abusive actions. The government has ideas of reducing the inequality with consideration of low unemployment, increased levels of social security, minimum wages and higher marginal tax rates for the income earners.ReferencesBibliography Alderson, AS, Beckfield J Nielsen F 2005, Exactly how has income inequality changed? Patterns of distributional change in core societies, International Journal of comparative sociology, vol. 46, no. 5-6, pp. 40523Atkinson, AB, Piketty T Saez E 2011, Top incomes in the long run of history, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 371 Bagguley, P 1995, Protest, poverty, and power a case study of the anti-poll tax movement, Sociological review, vol. 43, no. 4, November, pp. 69319Borland, J, Gregory B Sheehan P 2001, Inequality and economic change, Work rich, work poor inequality and economic change in Australia, Centre for Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Melbourne, pp. 120Bramble, T Kuhn R 2011, Labors conflict big business, workers and the politics of class, Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne. Bramble, T 2008, Trade Unionism in Australia a history from flood to ebb tide,Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne Brandolini, A Smeeding MT 2009, Income inequal ity in richer and OECD countries,The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality, Oxford University Press, pp. 71100.Card, D DiNardo JE 2002, Skill-biased technological change and rising profit inequality some problems and puzzles, Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 20, no. 4, October, pp. 73383. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The Paperless Office and Paperless Society Will Never Happen

The Paperless Office and the Paperless Society Will Never HappenWith the widespread introduction of computer terminals into rights, and the growing popularity of the personal computer, futurists and computer proponents envisioned the arrival of the paperless office. They predicted that in the near future, virtually all paper consumed in offices would be replaced by electronic, computer based mediums. Office workers, who before the advent of the computer relied completely on typewriters, paper filing systems, and printed documents, could now create, store, and share information using computers. There would be no need to print out documents, because they would be unceasingly conveniently available for view using any available computer terminal. Even libraries, which traditionally contain shelves upon shelves of printed books, could be replaced by a large hookup of books in electronic form.There are several main advantages of electronically stored information, as opposed to paper-ba sed information. Content deep within an electronic library gage be found using searching algorithms, and a single item within an electronic library can be shared and accessed by a nearly unlimited number of users simultaneously, who can be located in diverse geographic locations. Another advantage of a paperless society is environmental in nature a dependence on paper takes its toll on our worlds forests, which are vital to the planet in many ways, such(prenominal) as providing oxygen, absorbing rainwater, protecting soil, and regulating climate. I would argue, however, that this environmental advantage is somewhat stretched out of proportion by computer advocates, because the manufacture of computers requires natural resources, and in that respect are new environm... ... Industry Key Statistics As Published by the Pulp and Paper Products Council. American Process Inc. v Statistics Canada CANSIM Data Base. CANSIM is an official Mark of Statistics Canada. serial C892268, Source S DDS 3604 DEMOGRAPHY DIVISIONvi Statistics Canada CANSIM Data Base. Series D10505, Source SDDS 4432 STC (63-016XPB)vii Same as (4).viii Laser Printer History. 4 Apr. 2001. American Calco Inc. ix Information Technology and geomorphological Change of the Global Forest Sector. 28 Feb. 2003. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. x Healy, Sean. No Technofix for the Third World. 4 Oct. 2001. ZNet.

Working with families is difficult and complex. Essay -- Social Issues

Working with children, young people and their families can be seen as difficult and complex for many different reasons. However, before these topics can be discussed and explored fully, it is master(prenominal) to completely understand the difference between the words difficult and complex. Difficult implies that things are not easily or readily done, where it requires much private road much effort, labour and skill to be performed effectively. In the same way, complex implies a hard to deal with situation, but also involves many interconnected move or complicated arrangements that consist of emotional attachment. Social drill is rarely working with one individual, as stated in OLoughlin and OLoughlin (2008) it onlyow for involve working with the whole family which is constantly ever-changing making it complex and diverse. It may consist of parents or carers who share the same race, class, culture, or sexuality, but instead it may not. Members within the family help to determ ine our behaviour, roles, rules and stereotyping. To add to this, people are constantly entering and leaving the family system either by marriage, divorce or death. These complexities are shown in ecomaps or genograms. It is important to understand that the childs welfare is paramount, but in order to achieve positive outcomes for the child, effective work will need to be done within the family. Relationships within a family are known as a system with the family being viewed as a whole, rather than as many individuals. Within family relationships, everyone seeks to uphold the equilibrium so if one member seeks to change, the others seek to resist. However, difficulties include maintaining good relationships and knowing boundaries between overlord and personal... ...children, young people and their families can be both complex and difficult. Social work practice is one of the most challenging as it involves work with a diverse range of both professionals and service users. However, there is more that one single reason for this. As all professionals, agencies and parents continue to work together in various different cases, a variety of skills are required including communication, preparation, intervention skills, assessment of significant harm, research of current legislation and decision making skills, all of which contribute to the complexities and difficulties of social work. It could be argued that these difficulties are highlighted most in many public cases of child abuse moreover these cases can be seen to be changing social work practice, affecting the difficulties and complexities of working within this profession.